GRF(1-29) raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
Reviewed 2026-07-18. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
CJC-1295 is the name used for a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. The compound was described by a Canadian drug discovery company in the mid-2000s as a long-acting research tool. Two closely related molecules share the name in practice: one carries a drug affinity complex, or DAC, group, and one does not. The distinction matters because the two behave differently in circulation.
The peptide backbone corresponds to GRF(1-29), the first 29 residues of native growth hormone-releasing hormone, which retains most of the receptor-activating activity of the full-length molecule. Four substitutions distinguish the analog from the natural sequence: D-alanine at position 2, glutamine at position 8, alanine at position 15, and leucine at position 27. These changes slow cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, the enzyme that degrades native hormone in plasma within minutes. The outcome is improved enzymatic stability combined with a still brief residence time when no additional modification is present.
Reconstitution is typically performed with sterile water or bacteriostatic water, added slowly against the vial wall. The resulting solution should be clear and colorless; cloudiness or visible particles suggest a problem with the material or the diluent. Once in solution, the peptide is less stable than the dry powder. Refrigerated storage at two to eight degrees Celsius is common for short-term holding, while freezing aliquots is described for longer periods.
Purity is most often assessed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, reported as a percentage of total peak area. Identity is confirmed by mass spectrometry, which yields a molecular ion consistent with the expected sequence. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping provide additional characterization. Reported purity values are method-dependent, so figures from different laboratories are not always directly comparable without details of column, gradient, and detection wavelength.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular class | Synthetic peptide | GHRH analog, not a steroid |
| Backbone length | 29 amino acids | Based on GRF(1-29) |
| Substitutions | Four positions | D-Ala2, Gln8, Ala15, Leu27 |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical lyophilized research material |
| Common synonyms | Modified GRF(1-29) | Usage varies between sources |
Identity and purity are established with reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The chromatographic step separates the target peptide from truncated sequences and deletion products, while the mass measurement confirms the expected molecular weight to within a fraction of a dalton. Because the two common variants differ by the presence of the linker, mass alone can distinguish them in the unconjugated state. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping are used when sequence level confirmation is required.
Lyophilized material is generally stable for extended periods when held at minus twenty degrees Celsius or below and protected from moisture and light. In solution the peptide is more labile; bond hydrolysis, aggregation and oxidation of susceptible residues all proceed faster at ambient temperature. Repeated freeze and thaw cycles should be avoided because they promote clumping and loss of soluble material. The conjugated variant adds a further consideration, since the maleimide group can hydrolyze in aqueous buffer and lose its ability to react with albumin.
Laboratory handling centers on minimizing exposure to water, heat and oxygen before use. Working solutions are typically prepared in sterile water or a mild buffer, and any residual particulate matter is removed by filtration. When the powder dissolves slowly, a small proportion of acetonitrile or dilute acetic acid is sometimes added as a co-solvent. Containers are kept sealed and desiccated between uses. Records of lot number, reconstitution date and storage conditions support later comparison of results across experiments.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone, constructed on the 29-amino-acid fragment designated GRF(1-29). The name began as an internal development code during the 1990s and later spread through research supply catalogs and discussion forums. The molecule does not occur in nature; its sequence is engineered rather than isolated from tissue. Two related compounds are sold under this single label, and they differ by one appended chemical group that strongly influences how long the peptide remains in circulation.
The dividing feature between the two forms is a maleimide-based drug affinity complex, abbreviated DAC. In the DAC-bearing version, a linker attaches the peptide to serum albumin after administration, and that association slows removal from plasma. The version lacking DAC appears in catalogs as MOD GRF(1-29) or tetrasubstituted GRF(1-29). Because informal writing treats both as one item, comparisons drawn from such sources routinely blend measurements taken from two molecules with substantially different behavior.
Four amino acid substitutions separate the modified backbone from the parent GRF(1-29) sequence. These changes reduce recognition by dipeptidyl peptidase IV and related proteases, extending the interval before degradation. Development work in this area sought longer-acting GHRH analogs for endocrine investigation. Published descriptions treat the substitution set as a defining property of the core sequence, while the albumin-binding linker is described separately as an optional addition to that same backbone.
25. Adv Gerontol. 2008;21(1):61-7. [Investigation of antihypoxic properties of short peptides]. [Article in Russian] Kozina LS. The data presented suggest that short regulatory peptides (vilon, epitalon, vesugen and pinealon) have manifested the antihypoxic properties in the model of hypobaric hypoxia. Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) has the most pronounced effect among them. The capability of pinealon to increase the neuronal resistance to hypoxic stress in experiments with prenatal hypoxia has a complex nature. It is based not so much on the inhibition of ROS increase in cells in response to stress as on stimulation of internal antioxidative enzyme system and possibly limiting the excitotoxic effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate.
89. Mymensingh Med J. 2026 Oct;35(4):1312-1316. Diagnosis of Rhinoentomophthoromycosis in a 55 Years Old Male: A Case Report. Shawrave SA(1), Zoheb SJM, Galib GI, Tanni RZ, Shawon MMR, Bhuiyan MJT. Author information: (1)Dr Shaharior Arafat Shawrave, Associate Professor, Department of ENT and Head Neck Surgery, Dhaka Medical College (DMC), Dhaka, Bangladesh; E-mail: shawrave77@gmail.com. Entomophthoromycosis is a chronic fungal infection characterized by a diverse range of manifestations, including subcutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral infections. The majority of subcutaneous infections caused by entomophthoralean fungi are attributed to Basidiobolus spp, C. coronatus or C. incongruous. In this report, we present a case of rhinoentomophthoromycosis in a middle-aged, immunocompetent male, primarily affecting the nasopharynx. Initially, the diagnosis posed a dilemma, but it was ultimately confirmed through meticulous examination of microscopy and histopathology of the aspirate. The patient's response to antifungal therapy was favorable. We hereby provide a comprehensive account of this case and discuss the efficacy of Posaconazole in the treatment of rhinoentomophthoromycosis in a 55-year-old male patient with diabetes.
Glycine is found at almost every third residue. Proline makes up about 17% of collagen. Collagen contains two unusual derivative amino acids not directly inserted during translation. These amino acids are found at specific locations relative to glycine and are modified post-translationally by different enzymes, both of which require vitamin C as a cofactor. Hydroxyproline derived from proline Hydroxylysine derived from lysine – depending on the type of collagen, varying numbers of hydroxylysines are glycosylated (mostly having disaccharides attached). Cortisol stimulates degradation of (skin) collagen into amino acids.
The molecular structure of tetrabenzylthorium, Th(CH2C6H5)4, without ancillary ligands has been reported. They decompose slowly at room temperature. Thorium forms the monocapped trigonal prismatic anion [Th(CH3)7]3−, heptamethylthorate(IV), which forms the salt [Li(tmeda)]3[Th(CH3)7] (tmeda = (CH3)2NCH2CH2N(CH3)2). Although one methyl group is only attached to the thorium atom (Th–C distance 257.1 pm) and the other six connect the lithium and thorium atoms (Th–C distances 265.5–276.5 pm), they behave equivalently in solution. Tetramethylthorium, Th(CH3)4, is not known, but its adducts are stabilised by phosphine ligands.
Sources: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
In biology, a substitution model, also called models of sequence evolution, are Markov models that describe changes over evolutionary time. These models describe evolutionary changes in macromolecules, such as DNA sequences or protein sequences, that can be represented as a sequence of symbols (e.g., A, C, G, and T in the case of DNA or the 20 "standard" proteinogenic amino acids in the case of proteins). Substitution models are used to calculate the likelihood of phylogenetic trees using multiple sequence alignment data. Thus, substitution models are central to maximum likelihood estimation of phylogeny as well as Bayesian inference in phylogeny. Estimates of evolutionary distances (numbers of substitutions that have occurred since a pair of sequences diverged from a common ancestor) are typically calculated using substitution models (evolutionary distances are used as input for distance methods such as neighbor joining). Substitution models are also central to phylogenetic invariants because they are necessary to predict site pattern frequencies given a tree topology. Substitution models are also necessary to simulate sequence data for a group of organisms related by a specific tree.
=== Gel electrophoresis === Gel electrophoresis is a powerful analytical technique used to separate proteins based on their size and charge. Proteins are loaded onto a gel matrix, typically made of polyacrylamide or agarose, and an electric current is applied. The negatively charged proteins migrate towards the positive electrode, with smaller proteins moving faster through the gel matrix than larger ones. This method is crucial for assessing the purity and size of protein samples.
The peak of these incidents occurred in 1980, with new recruit Phil Carman making headlines for head-butting an umpire. The tribunal suspended him for sixteen weeks, and although most people thought this was a fair (or even lenient) sentence, he took his case to the Supreme Court of Victoria, gathering even more unwanted publicity for the club. Despite this, the club had recruited many talented young players in the late 1970s who emerged as club greats. Three of those young players were Simon Madden, Tim Watson and Paul Van Der Haar. Terry Daniher and his brother Neale came via a trade with South Melbourne, and Roger Merrett joined soon afterwards to form the nucleus of what would become the formidable Essendon sides of the 1980s. This raw but talented group of youngsters took Essendon to an elimination final in 1979 under Barry Davis but were again thrashed in an Elimination Final, this time at the hands of Fitzroy. Davis resigned at the end of the 1980 season after missing out on a finals appearance. One of the few highlights for Essendon supporters during this time was when Graham Moss won the 1976 Brownlow Medal; he was the only Bomber to do so in a four-decade span from 1953 to 1993. Even that was bittersweet, as he quit VFL football to move back to his native Western Australia, where Moss finished out his career as a player and coach at Claremont Football Club. In many ways, Moss's career reflects Essendon's mixed fortunes during the decade.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Carvedilol, sold under the brand name Coreg among others, is a beta blocker medication, that may be prescribed for the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension) and chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (also known as HFrEF or systolic heart failure). Beta-blockers as a collective medication class are not recommended as routine first-line treatment of high blood pressure for all patients, due to evidence demonstrating less effective cardiovascular protection and a less favourable safety profile when compared to other classes of blood pressure-lowering medications. Common side effects include dizziness, tiredness, slowed heart rate, low blood pressure, nausea, and shortness of breath. Severe side effects may include bronchospasm. Safety during pregnancy or breastfeeding is unclear. Use is not recommended in those with liver problems. Carvedilol is a nonselective beta blocker and alpha-1 blocker. How it improves outcomes is not entirely clear but may involve dilation of blood vessels. Carvedilol was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1995. Carvedilol is a therapeutic alternative on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2023, it was the 35th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 16 million prescriptions.
According to Circulation, "Beverages with added sugar are a prime candidate for taxation; they constitute >10% of caloric intake nationwide and provide little or no nutritional value." Weight gain is due to consumption of these sugary drinks along with other health issues such as diabetes, hypertension, and more. A penny-per-ounce tax on sugary drinks would raise the shelf price of these drinks by around 20%. Many studies have been done and it has shown that there has been a 14% to 20% reduction in the consumption of these taxed drinks. People's weight will determine if they choose healthier options or not to replace these sugary beverages. This interest of taxes on drinks has been gaining popularity across the U.S. According to Circulation, "They were considered as a measure at the federal level to fund healthcare reform in 2009 and were proposed in 11 states and 2 major cities in the 2009 to 2010 legislative cycle." There has been some resistance from the beverage industry. Policymakers are increasingly considering the beverage industry to promote public health. Non-profit organizations such as HealthCorps work to educate people on healthy eating and advocate for healthy food choices in an effort to combat obesity. Former American First Lady Michelle Obama led an initiative to combat childhood obesity entitled "Let's Move!". Obama said she aimed to wipe out obesity "in a generation". Let's Move! has partnered with other programs. Walking and bicycling to school helps children increase their physical activity.
It controls trunk muscles and part of the sympathetic nervous system. Tonic receptor A sensory receptor that continues to fire throughout the duration of a stimulus. Contrasts with phasic receptors, which adapt quickly. Tonic-clonic seizure A type of generalized seizure involving an initial tonic phase of muscle stiffening followed by a clonic phase of rhythmic jerking. Often accompanied by loss of consciousness. Top-down processing Perception driven by cognition — the brain applies what it knows and expects to what it sees. In contrast to bottom-up processing. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) A noninvasive brain stimulation technique that applies a low electrical current to the scalp to modulate neuronal excitability. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) A noninvasive method to stimulate or inhibit brain activity using magnetic fields. Used in both research and treatment for depression and other disorders. Transduction The process of converting a physical stimulus (e.g., light, sound, touch) into an electrical signal in sensory receptors. Trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V) The largest cranial nerve, responsible for sensation in the face and motor control of biting and chewing. Trophic factor A substance, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), that supports the growth, survival, and differentiation of neurons. Tuberomammillary nucleus A small cluster of histaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus involved in arousal, attention, and the sleep–wake cycle. Two-point discrimination The ability to distinguish two closely spaced tactile stimuli as separate.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. It is a laboratory-made analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone. The natural hormone is a 44-residue peptide, while the analog is built on a shorter 29-residue fragment.
The original material included a linker that binds serum albumin. A later variant removed that linker to reduce the duration of action. Catalogs and papers did not consistently adopt separate names, so both remain widely labeled with the same term.
The amino acid sequence and the presence or absence of the linker group. Mass measured by spectrometry gives an independent check that separates the two forms.
Cool, dark, and dry conditions are standard, with storage at minus twenty degrees Celsius or below. Desiccant and sealed vials limit moisture uptake. Repeated warming and cooling of the container is generally avoided.