DAC group comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Last reviewed on 2025-10-22. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Two forms circulate under the CJC-1295 name, and they differ by a single appended group. The version without a drug affinity complex carries four substitutions along the peptide chain, including a D-alanine near the amino terminus and replacements at three other positions. These changes block the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV and remove a methionine residue that is prone to oxidation. The modified fragment is frequently labeled MOD GRF 1-29. Naming conventions are inconsistent across informal sources, which is a common source of confusion.
The second form adds a maleimide-bearing linker to the lysine at the carboxyl end. This group reacts with cysteine-34 on circulating serum albumin, forming a covalent bond that keeps the peptide in the bloodstream for far longer. ConjuChem developed the molecule as a way to extend the action of a peptide without frequent administration. The albumin attachment is the defining structural feature of the drug affinity complex version. Whether continuous exposure produces effects distinct from shorter pulses remains an unresolved research question.
Laboratory handling centers on minimizing exposure to water, heat and oxygen before use. Working solutions are typically prepared in sterile water or a mild buffer, and any residual particulate matter is removed by filtration. When the powder dissolves slowly, a small proportion of acetonitrile or dilute acetic acid is sometimes added as a co-solvent. Containers are kept sealed and desiccated between uses. Records of lot number, reconstitution date and storage conditions support later comparison of results across experiments.
Identity and purity are established with reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The chromatographic step separates the target peptide from truncated sequences and deletion products, while the mass measurement confirms the expected molecular weight to within a fraction of a dalton. Because the two common variants differ by the presence of the linker, mass alone can distinguish them in the unconjugated state. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping are used when sequence level confirmation is required.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off white powder | Typical lyophilized form |
| Water solubility | Soluble | May need a small organic co-solvent |
| Purity assessment | Chromatographic peak area | Most certificates report a percentage figure |
| Storage temperature | Minus 20 C or lower | Dry, dark, sealed container |
| Identity check | Electrospray mass spectrometry | Compared against theoretical mass |
Two related forms circulate in technical discussion under the same family name. The original version carries a drug affinity complex (DAC) that binds covalently to serum albumin after administration, and this linkage substantially extends circulation time. A second form, frequently written as modified GRF(1-29) or CJC-1295 without DAC, lacks that linker and clears much faster. The naming is a frequent source of confusion because the shorthand CJC-1295 can refer to either form depending on the source. Reports sometimes fail to specify which variant was studied.
The peptide backbone includes a D-alanine at position two, which resists cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and several other substitutions that reduce degradation. Its molecular weight is roughly 3.4 kDa without the linker and about 3.6 kDa with it. The molecule is water soluble and is normally supplied as a lyophilized powder. Precise sequence and mass values depend on which variant is described, so technical documents usually state the exact form being referenced.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Its structure derives from the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH, a fragment often called GRF(1-29). Four substitutions were introduced to slow enzymatic breakdown and extend activity relative to the natural sequence. The compound was developed by ConjuChem as part of a broader effort to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of peptide hormones. It is studied in laboratory and clinical research settings rather than appearing as a naturally occurring substance.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide built as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Its backbone matches the first twenty-nine residues of the natural human hormone, with four amino acid substitutions added to slow enzymatic breakdown. A reactive maleimide group, commonly termed the drug affinity complex, allows the peptide to attach to circulating albumin after administration. That albumin attachment keeps the molecule in the bloodstream for an extended period instead of being cleared within minutes.
The compound emerged from work at a Canadian biotechnology firm in the early 2000s. Early human studies examined its effect on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in healthy volunteers and in people with HIV-associated fat redistribution. Reports described sustained increases in both markers after a single injection. Development did not advance to regulatory approval, and the clinical programme was later discontinued. The molecule is now encountered mainly as a research chemical rather than a marketed medicine.
Lyophilised powder is the usual supplied form. The material is hygroscopic, so vials are typically equilibrated to room temperature before opening in order to prevent condensation on the contents. Long-term storage is generally described at minus twenty degrees Celsius or colder, protected from light and moisture. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles are avoided because they promote aggregation and loss of soluble material. A reconstituted solution is considerably less stable than the dry powder and is normally kept refrigerated for short periods only.
Identity and purity are assessed mainly by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The chromatographic separation resolves the target peptide from truncation products and from species carrying oxidised residues, while mass measurement confirms the expected molecular mass. Because the two common variants differ by roughly 280 daltons, a mass determination distinguishes them unambiguously. Purity is often quoted as a percentage of total peak area, although that figure depends on the detection wavelength and the integration method applied.
Reported half-lives differ widely between the two variants and between species. Values for the albumin-binding form are usually expressed in days, while the unconjugated form is measured in minutes to a few hours. Sampling schedules, assay sensitivity, and route of administration all influence the numbers, which limits direct comparison across studies. Whether sustained receptor occupancy produces different downstream effects from pulsatile stimulation remains an open question in the published work. Claims about relative potency should therefore be read alongside the specific study design that produced them.
The peptide backbone corresponds to GRF(1-29), the first 29 residues of native growth hormone-releasing hormone, which retains most of the receptor-activating activity of the full-length molecule. Four substitutions distinguish the analog from the natural sequence: D-alanine at position 2, glutamine at position 8, alanine at position 15, and leucine at position 27. These changes slow cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, the enzyme that degrades native hormone in plasma within minutes. The outcome is improved enzymatic stability combined with a still brief residence time when no additional modification is present.
Naming in this area is inconsistent, and readers should treat product labels with care. In much of the literature and in vendor catalogs, the unqualified term refers to the albumin-binding version, while the version lacking the DAC group appears as modified GRF(1-29), mod GRF(1-29), or the same name with a without-DAC qualifier. Because one abbreviation has been applied to both materials, the only reliable way to identify a sample is to check the stated sequence and the presence of the linker.
The domestication of mammals was instrumental in the Neolithic development of agriculture and of civilization, causing farmers to replace hunter-gatherers around the world. This transition from hunting and gathering to herding flocks and growing crops was a major step in human history. The new agricultural economies, based on domesticated mammals, caused "radical restructuring of human societies, worldwide alterations in biodiversity, and significant changes in the Earth's landforms and its atmosphere... momentous outcomes". Domestic mammals form a large part of the livestock raised for meat across the world. They include (2009) around 1.4 billion cattle, 1 billion sheep, 1 billion domestic pigs, and (1985) over 700 million rabbits. Working domestic animals including cattle and horses have been used for work and transport from the origins of agriculture, their numbers declining with the arrival of mechanized transport and agricultural machinery. In 2004 they still provided some 80% of the power for the mainly small farms in the third world, and some 20% of the world's transport, again mainly in rural areas. In mountainous regions unsuitable for wheeled vehicles, pack animals continue to transport goods. Mammal skins provide leather for shoes, clothing and upholstery. Wool from mammals including sheep, goats and alpacas has been used for centuries for clothing.
Fredric Sheldon Brandt (June 26, 1949 – April 5, 2015) was an American physician, researcher, lecturer, author, and radio host specializing in cosmetic dermatology. Among the first to use botulinum toxin ("botox") and fillers, Brandt was noted for his role in the FDA approval of numerous fillers and botulinum toxins for cosmetic use in the United States. Brandt, who hosted a radio show called Ask Dr. Brandt on SiriusXM radio and whose celebrity patients included Madonna, was called the "Baron of Botox" by W magazine and "King of Collagen" for using more botox and collagen than any other dermatologist in the world.
Poloxamers are nonionic triblock copolymers composed of a central hydrophobic chain of polyoxypropylene (poly(propylene oxide)) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of polyoxyethylene (poly(ethylene oxide)). The word poloxamer was coined by BASF inventor, Irving Schmolka, who received the patent for these materials in 1973. Poloxamers are also known by the trade names Pluronic, Kolliphor (pharma grade), and Synperonic. Because the lengths of the polymer blocks can be customized, many different poloxamers exist that have slightly different properties. For the generic term poloxamer, these copolymers are commonly named with the letter P (for poloxamer) followed by three digits: the first two digits multiplied by 100 give the approximate molecular mass of the polyoxypropylene core, and the last digit multiplied by 10 gives the percentage polyoxyethylene content (e.g. P407 = poloxamer with a polyoxypropylene molecular mass of 4000 g/mol and a 70% polyoxyethylene content). For the Pluronic and Synperonic tradenames, coding of these copolymers starts with a letter to define its physical form at room temperature (L = liquid, P = paste, F = flake (solid)) followed by two or three digits, The first digit (two digits in a three-digit number) in the numerical designation, multiplied by 300, indicates the approximate molecular weight of the hydrophobe; and the last digit x 10 gives the percentage polyoxyethylene content (e.g., L61 indicates a polyoxypropylene molecular mass of 1800 g/mol and a 10% polyoxyethylene content).
Flora (フローラ, Furōra): An android designed to resemble a teenage girl who an Alienizer named Metiussl originally named Meria (メリア) and created to serve as the brain of his robotic monster, Gigas. After meeting and befriending Sen-chan, however, she learned to develop a "heart" and be more than a machine. After being captured by Metiussl and rescued by Deka Master, Flora joins S.P.D., who accept her as a human. Flora is portrayed by Takaou Ayatsuki (彩月 貴央, Ayatsuki Takaō). Zoinaian Baytonin (ゾイナー星人ベートニン, Zoinā Seijin Bētonin): An alien from Planet Zoina who ages more slowly than humans, crashed-landed in Kyoto during Feudal Japan, and became a samurai under Ban's ancestor's tutelage. After ending up in the present, Agent Abrella manipulates the confused Baytonin into believing the Dekarangers are malicious invaders until Ban uses Kruger's D-Sword Vega to defeat Baytonin in battle. Upon realizing the truth, Baytonin leaves peacefully. Baytonin is voiced by Mantarō Iwao (岩尾 万太郎, Iwao Mantarō). Bannoshin Akaza (赤座 伴之進, Akaza Ban'noshin): Ban's ancestor from Feudal Japan who nursed the stranded Baytonin back to health and trained him in the ways of bushido and samurai conduct. Bannoshin Akaza is portrayed by Ryuji Sainei, who also portrays Ban Akaza. Barisien Attika Alpachi (バリス星人アッティカ・アルパチ, Barisu Seijin Attika Arupachi): An alien from Planet Barisie. An Alienizer named Goldom kidnaps his son and forces him to take a city block hostage, and threaten to destroy it with a bomb, so Goldom can rob a nearby bank in the confusion.
During the Pacific War, the Japanese invasion of Malaya culminated in the Battle of Singapore. When the British force of 60,000 troops surrendered on 15 February 1942, British prime minister Winston Churchill called the defeat "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history". British and Empire losses during the fighting for Singapore were heavy, with a total of nearly 85,000 personnel captured. About 5,000 were killed or wounded, of which Australians made up the majority. Japanese casualties during the fighting in Singapore amounted to 1,714 killed and 3,378 wounded. The occupation was to become a major turning point in the histories of several nations, including those of Japan, Britain, and Singapore. Japanese newspapers triumphantly declared the victory as deciding the general situation of the war. Between 5,000 and 25,000 ethnic Chinese people were killed in the subsequent Sook Ching massacre. British forces had planned to liberate Singapore in 1945/1946; however, the war ended before these operations could be carried out.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The small intestine is a tubular structure around 6 to 7 m long, that begins at the duodenum, and ends at the ileum. Its mucosal area in an adult human is about 30 m2 (320 sq ft). The combination of the circular folds, the villi, and the microvilli increases the absorptive area of the mucosa about 600-fold, making a total area of about 250 m2 (2,700 sq ft) for the entire small intestine. Its main function is to absorb the products of digestion (including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins) into the bloodstream. There are three major divisions:
=== Pharmacokinetics === A 2007 human pharmacokinetic study of sodium RLA demonstrated the maximum concentration in plasma and bioavailability are significantly greater than the free acid form, and rivals plasma levels achieved by intravenous administration of the free acid form. Additionally, high plasma levels comparable to those in animal models where Nrf2 was activated were achieved. The various forms of LA are not bioequivalent. Very few studies compare individual enantiomers with racemic lipoic acid. It is unclear if twice as much racemic lipoic acid can replace RLA. The toxic dose of LA in cats is much lower than that in humans or dogs and produces hepatocellular toxicity.
During the tenure of the Marquess of Carnarvon as the Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England in 1754, nine Provincial Grand Masters were appointed to oversee the development of Ancient Freemasonry in their nine respective Provincial Grand Lodges. Cuba was listed as one of these nine Grand Lodges, alongside South Carolina, South Wales, Antigua, North America, Barbados, Sicily, Germany, and Chester. This indicates to some Masonic historians that Freemasonry had already made it to the island by this point, but in what numbers is unknown. The first known Lodge in Cuba arrived with the British occupation of Havana in 1762, during the Anglo-Spanish War. It was common practice in this era for the Grand Lodges in the British Isles to establish Military Lodges in foreign locales, as they had already done in Jamaica. The 48th Regiment of Foot, known more commonly at the time as Webb's Regiment or the D. Webb Regiment under the command of Colonel Daniel Webb and Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Teesdale, landed in Cuba with the 2nd Brigade under Brigadier General Walsh and the Earl of Albemarle's invasion force. After landing in Cuba, the 48th joined with the rest of the brigade to attack and occupy Havana. The Military Lodge connected to the 48th Regiment of Foot held a warrant from the Grand Lodge of Ireland as Lodge No. 218, chartered in 1750. While the Regiment was stationed here in Havana, it quartered its officers in the Convent of San Francisco, where the earliest Masons in Cuba had been involved in its construction a half-century earlier.
Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride is a fast-acting, broad-spectrum synthetic compound that binds to the cell envelope of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, disrupting the bacterial cell membrane and enabling seepage of ions. PHMB has a long history of use as a contact lens cleanser, mouthwash and more recently in wound care. It is regarded as being quite safe to use as it has been incorporated as a preservative in cosmetics. A retrospective analysis of wound cleanser clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness focused on polyhexamethylene biguanide solution, Ringer's solution or saline in 112 venous leg ulcer patients. The study group received the polyhexamethylene biguanide solution (n=59) and the control group received either Ringer's solution or saline (n=53). In both arms, ulcer healing patterns were evaluated. Within the first 3 months of treatment, a shorter time to healing was recorded in the study group when compared with the control group - 60% v. 28% with corresponding mean time to healing being 3.31 months (study group) compared to 4.42 months (control group) p= <0.0001. More patients in the polyhexamethylene biguanide group healed in the 6-month period when compared with the controls - 97% v. 89%. The authors concluded that optimization of the local wound environment was significantly influenced through cleansing with polyhexanide solution. In an in vitro model developed to compare the efficiency of wound-rinsing solutions, Kaehn et al.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The mass difference from the linker is large enough for routine detection by mass spectrometry. The unconjugated form gives a single sharp signal at its expected weight. Material that has already reacted with albumin shows a much higher mass and a broadened chromatographic peak.
Yes. Degradation proceeds faster once the powder is dissolved, especially at room temperature or after multiple freeze and thaw cycles. Working solutions are often aliquoted to avoid repeated handling. Lyophilized powder held cold and dry retains its properties far longer.
Truncated sequences, oxidized residues and aggregated forms can all elute near the main peak. Reversed phase chromatography resolves many of these species, so the number of peaks is a useful indicator of synthesis quality. A single peak does not by itself prove correct sequence, which is why mass confirmation is paired with it.
No. It is a synthetic analogue modeled on the first 29 residues of human GHRH. The substitutions and any linker are laboratory modifications rather than features of the endogenous peptide.