Everything below concerns GHRH analog. We keep the language plain, cite what the science says, and separate well-supported claims from open questions.
Last reviewed on 2026-08-01. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
The two variants differ dramatically in how long they persist in circulation. The form lacking the albumin-binding group has a plasma half-life measured in tens of minutes, comparable to the natural hormone fragment. The version carrying the drug affinity complex binds albumin and shows a half-life of roughly six to eight days in human studies. That figure comes from small trials that tracked hormone levels over extended periods. The physiological consequences of sustained versus pulsatile stimulation are still debated and the literature does not settle the point.
Lyophilized peptide powder is comparatively stable when kept dry, cold, and protected from light. Once dissolved, the molecule is vulnerable to deamidation, oxidation, and aggregation, with the rate depending on pH, buffer composition, and temperature. Alkaline conditions and repeated freeze-thaw cycles accelerate loss of the intact peptide. The methionine present in the native sequence is a known oxidation site, which is one reason it was replaced in the modified fragment. Suppliers typically recommend cold storage of solutions and use within a short window.
The peptide backbone corresponds to GRF(1-29), the first 29 residues of native growth hormone-releasing hormone, which retains most of the receptor-activating activity of the full-length molecule. Four substitutions distinguish the analog from the natural sequence: D-alanine at position 2, glutamine at position 8, alanine at position 15, and leucine at position 27. These changes slow cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, the enzyme that degrades native hormone in plasma within minutes. The outcome is improved enzymatic stability combined with a still brief residence time when no additional modification is present.
Naming in this area is inconsistent, and readers should treat product labels with care. In much of the literature and in vendor catalogs, the unqualified term refers to the albumin-binding version, while the version lacking the DAC group appears as modified GRF(1-29), mod GRF(1-29), or the same name with a without-DAC qualifier. Because one abbreviation has been applied to both materials, the only reliable way to identify a sample is to check the stated sequence and the presence of the linker.
CJC-1295 is the name used for a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. The compound was described by a Canadian drug discovery company in the mid-2000s as a long-acting research tool. Two closely related molecules share the name in practice: one carries a drug affinity complex, or DAC, group, and one does not. The distinction matters because the two behave differently in circulation.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular mass | Approximately 3.4 to 3.6 kDa | Depends on whether the affinity complex is attached |
| Appearance | White to off-white lyophilized powder | Freeze-dried solid, often in a sealed vial |
| Solubility | Soluble in water and aqueous buffers | Dissolution rate varies with pH and buffer salt |
| Typical storage | Below minus 20 degrees Celsius, dry and dark | Dissolved material is usually kept cold and used promptly |
| Common analytical methods | Reversed-phase HPLC and mass spectrometry | Peptide mapping and amino acid analysis add sequence detail |
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide built as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Its backbone matches the first twenty-nine residues of the natural human hormone, with four amino acid substitutions added to slow enzymatic breakdown. A reactive maleimide group, commonly termed the drug affinity complex, allows the peptide to attach to circulating albumin after administration. That albumin attachment keeps the molecule in the bloodstream for an extended period instead of being cleared within minutes.
The compound emerged from work at a Canadian biotechnology firm in the early 2000s. Early human studies examined its effect on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in healthy volunteers and in people with HIV-associated fat redistribution. Reports described sustained increases in both markers after a single injection. Development did not advance to regulatory approval, and the clinical programme was later discontinued. The molecule is now encountered mainly as a research chemical rather than a marketed medicine.
Two forms circulate in research settings and are frequently confused. One carries the drug affinity complex and is often written as CJC-1295 with DAC; the other lacks that group and is usually called modified GRF(1-29). The two share the same core sequence but differ sharply in how long they persist in blood. Products labelled only as CJC-1295 normally refer to the version carrying the complex. Documentation that omits the distinction leaves the intended molecule ambiguous.
Lyophilized material is generally stable for extended periods when held at minus twenty degrees Celsius or below and protected from moisture and light. In solution the peptide is more labile; bond hydrolysis, aggregation and oxidation of susceptible residues all proceed faster at ambient temperature. Repeated freeze and thaw cycles should be avoided because they promote clumping and loss of soluble material. The conjugated variant adds a further consideration, since the maleimide group can hydrolyze in aqueous buffer and lose its ability to react with albumin.
Laboratory handling centers on minimizing exposure to water, heat and oxygen before use. Working solutions are typically prepared in sterile water or a mild buffer, and any residual particulate matter is removed by filtration. When the powder dissolves slowly, a small proportion of acetonitrile or dilute acetic acid is sometimes added as a co-solvent. Containers are kept sealed and desiccated between uses. Records of lot number, reconstitution date and storage conditions support later comparison of results across experiments.
Identity and purity are established with reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The chromatographic step separates the target peptide from truncated sequences and deletion products, while the mass measurement confirms the expected molecular weight to within a fraction of a dalton. Because the two common variants differ by the presence of the linker, mass alone can distinguish them in the unconjugated state. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping are used when sequence level confirmation is required.
Pharmacokinetic behaviour differs sharply between the two forms. The DAC-bearing peptide shows an extended circulation time measured in days, whereas the version without the complex is cleared within roughly half an hour. This gap shapes how researchers design dosing schedules in animal models. Whether the prolonged presence of the DAC form produces effects meaningfully different from the short-acting variant remains an open question, since comparative human data are scarce.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed to mimic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), the endogenous signal that prompts the pituitary gland to release growth hormone. The compound is a modified fragment of the natural hormone, spanning the first twenty-nine amino acids of GHRH with several substitutions that slow enzymatic breakdown. Two variants circulate in research settings: one carrying a drug affinity complex (DAC) and one without it. The DAC-free form is frequently labelled Mod GRF(1-29) in catalogs and discussion forums.
The peptide binds GHRH receptors on somatotroph cells within the anterior pituitary, triggering a signalling cascade that increases growth hormone secretion. Its improved resistance to dipeptidyl peptidase IV degradation distinguishes it from the parent hormone. In the DAC-bearing version, a maleimide group reacts with a cysteine residue on serum albumin, forming a covalent bond that keeps the peptide in circulation far longer. That albumin attachment is the central design feature separating the two research variants.
Verification matters because research peptides vary widely in quality. A certificate of analysis is only as reliable as the method behind it, and a single chromatographic trace reveals little about counter-ions, residual solvents, or water content. Independent laboratories commonly pair mass confirmation with chromatographic purity and, where relevant, quantify water along with acetate or trifluoroacetate content. Reported purity figures are not standardized across suppliers, so a stated value such as ninety-eight percent is not directly comparable unless the analytical method, column, and detection wavelength accompany it.
Characterization of this peptide relies on a small set of routine techniques. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separates the target from truncated or oxidized by-products and yields a purity estimate when paired with ultraviolet detection near 214 nanometers. Mass spectrometry, either electrospray coupled to liquid chromatography or matrix-assisted laser desorption, confirms that the observed mass matches the value calculated for the expected sequence. Amino acid analysis, and enzymatic digestion followed by fragment mapping, are used when the sequence itself rather than the mass requires verification.
== AFL career == Pears was drafted by Essendon with pick 23 in the 2007 national draft and debuted in 2008. He played the role of a key position defender in his second season, taking on big dominant forwards such as Daniel Bradshaw, Jarryd Roughead and Justin Koschitzke. After playing on Brendan Fevola in round 13, 2009, he was the round nominee for the Rising Star. Off-season surgery on a foot fracture that set back his return to senior football saw Pears’ bad run with injury continue in 2011. He played his first game of the year against North Melbourne in round 13, but saw his season further stifled with injury after breaking his lower leg and then straining his hamstring in the elimination final. Injury continued to force him to sit on the sidelines in the years after, managing 23 games in the next four seasons. Then on 12 January 2016 Pears was named as one of 34 past and present Essendon players found guilty over their use of illegal supplements during the 2012 AFL season. As a result, Pears was suspended for two years, which, as a result of backdating, saw him suspended between January and November 2016, which meant he missed the entire 2016 AFL season. He did not return to the AFL after his suspension, announcing his retirement from the league on 8 September 2016 to pursue a career in firefighting.
== Management == Treatment requires identifying and removing any causative medications and correcting any underlying electrolyte abnormalities. While TdP often self-resolves, cardioversion may be indicated if patients become hemodynamically unstable, as evidenced by signs such as hypotension, altered mental status, chest pain, or heart failure. Intravenous magnesium sulfate has been proven to be highly effective for both the treatment and prevention of TdP. Managing patients with TdP is dependent on the patient's stability. Vital signs, level of consciousness, and current symptoms are used to assess stability. Patients who are stable should be managed by removing the underlying cause and correcting electrolyte abnormalities, especially hypokalemia. An EKG should be obtained, a cardiac monitor should be attached, IV access should be established, supplemental oxygen should be given, and blood samples should be sent for appropriate studies. Patients should be continually re-evaluated for signs of deterioration until the TdP resolves. In addition to correcting the electrolyte abnormalities, magnesium given intravenously has also been shown to be helpful. Magnesium sulfate given as a 2 g IV bolus mixed with D5W can be given over a period of 15 minutes in patients without cardiac arrest Atrial pacing or administering isoproterenol can normalize the heart rate. Unstable patients exhibit signs of chest pain, hypotension, elevated heart rate, and/or heart failure. Patients who develop cardiac arrest will be pulseless and unconscious.
The hypothesized existence of an RNA world does not exclude a "Pre-RNA world", where a metabolic system based on a different nucleic acid is proposed to pre-date RNA. A candidate nucleic acid is peptide nucleic acid (PNA), which uses simple peptide bonds to link nucleobases. An alternative—or complementary—theory of RNA origin is proposed in the PAH world hypothesis, whereby polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mediate the synthesis of RNA molecules. PAHs are the most common and abundant of the known polyatomic molecules in the visible Universe and are a likely constituent of the primordial sea. PAHs and fullerenes (also implicated in the origin of life) have been detected in nebulae. Some of the difficulties of producing the precursors on earth are bypassed by another alternative or complementary theory for their origin, panspermia. It discusses the possibility that the earliest life on this planet was carried here from somewhere else in the galaxy, possibly on meteorites similar to the Murchison meteorite. Sugar molecules, including ribose, have been found in meteorites.
Although one-letter symbols are included in the table, IUPAC–IUBMB recommend that "Use of the one-letter symbols should be restricted to the comparison of long sequences". The one-letter notation was chosen by IUPAC-IUB based on the following rules:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
13 November – The Home Office announces that the 41 police and crime commissioners in England and Wales will be scrapped from 2028, with their responsibilities moving to either directly elected mayors or council leaders. First Minister of Scotland John Swinney confirms plans for the Scottish Government to issue its first bonds in 2026–27 after Scotland is given the same rating as the UK by credit rating agencies. The House of Lords has proposed 942 amendments to the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill. Sarah Taylor, the Norfolk Police and Crime Commissioner, resigns from the Labour Party following the UK government's decision to scrap her role, citing a lack of consultation in the matter. 14 November – Independent MP Adnan Hussain announces that he is "stepping away" from the steering group of Your Party because of what he describes as a "toxic" culture, particularly towards "Muslim men". The House of Lords has asked for more time to debate the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill. 16 November – Horninglow and Eton Parish Council has asked Staffordshire County Councillor Peter Mason, elected in May 2025 to represent Reform UK, to stay away from its meetings after old social media posts came to light. In response, Mason says he "regrets his choice of words" in the posts, which concerned black women and the police. 18 November – The Northern Ireland Troubles Bill receives its second reading in the House of Commons and passes by 320 votes to 105.
The Pacinian corpuscle (also lamellar corpuscle, or Vater–Pacini corpuscle) is a low-threshold mechanoreceptor, responsive to deep pressure, stretch, tickle and vibration, found in the skin and other internal organs. In the skin it is one of the four main types of cutaneous receptors. The corpuscles are present in skin notably on both surfaces of the hands and feet, arms, and neck. Pacinian corpuscles are also found on bone periosteum, joint capsules, the pancreas and other internal organs, the breast, genitals, and lymph nodes. Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors. As phasic receptors they respond quickly but briefly to a stimulus with the response diminishing even when the stimulus is maintained. They primarily respond to vibration, and deep pressure. They are especially sensitive to high-frequency vibrations. Groups of corpuscles sense pressure changes (such as on grasping or releasing an object). They are additionally crucially involved in proprioception. The vibrational role may be used for detecting surface texture, such as rough and smooth.
=== Filming continued === Much of the Mobile footage shot by Malmuth was scrapped, although a few local landmarks remain visible in the finished film, such as the Bankhead Tunnel. Filming resumed on July 5. Baxley indicated that he wanted to add two weeks to the schedule and reshoot most of the Mobile scenes to set the entire film on the Gulf Coast. Bosworth claimed to have been told that his family scenes would be included, only to see that option abandoned after production ran out of money, having burnt $4 million of a projected $8 million budget on the discarded material. Bosworth, Henrisksen and Forsythe rewrote some or much of their lines, often on the day of filming. As a result of this unexpected freedom, Henriksen remembered the movie as a particularly enjoyable experience despite its overall travails. The Sheer Yachts boatyard in Ocean Springs was transformed to recreate the Brotherhood's hangout, and host a few ancillary scenes. Bosworth suffered a knee injury at the location on July 11, but did not miss any days. Bosworth performed a higher-than-average share of his stunts, including driving his bike during select action sequences. Baxley's father Paul served as stunt coordinator on the film.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
This practice later expanded to white wigs and eyeliners, and only faded out with the French Revolution in the late 18th century. A similar fashion appeared in Japan in the 18th century with the emergence of the geishas, a practice that continued long into the 20th century. The white faces of women "came to represent their feminine virtue as Japanese women", with lead commonly used in the whitener.
==== Kerogen formation ==== Some phenolic compounds produced from previous reactions worked as bactericides and the Actinomycetales order of bacteria also produced antibiotic compounds (e.g., streptomycin). Thus the action of anaerobic bacteria ceased at about 10 m below the water or sediment. The mixture at this depth contained fulvic acids, unreacted and partially reacted fats and waxes, slightly modified lignin, resins and other hydrocarbons. As more layers of organic matter settled into the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. As a consequence, compounds of this mixture began to combine in poorly understood ways to kerogen. Combination happened in a similar fashion as phenol and formaldehyde molecules react to urea-formaldehyde resins, but kerogen formation occurred in a more complex manner due to a bigger variety of reactants. The total process of kerogen formation from the beginning of anaerobic decay is called diagenesis, a word that means a transformation of materials by dissolution and recombination of their constituents.
Enzyme linked receptors include Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, as in bone morphogenetic protein and guanylate cyclase, as in atrial natriuretic factor receptor. Of the RTKs, 20 classes have been identified, with 58 different RTKs as members. Some examples are shown below:
The human ADM gene is localized to a single locus on Chromosome 11 with 4 exons and 3 introns. The ADM gene initially codes for a 185-amino acid precursor peptide, that can be differentially excised to form a number of peptides, including an inactive 53-amino acid AM, e PAMP, adrenotensin and ADM95-146. Mature human ADM is activated to form a 52-amino acid, 6-amino acid ring, that shares moderate structural similarity to the calcitonin family of regulatory peptides (calcitonin, CGRP and amylin). Circulating ADM consists of both the amidated active form (15%) and the glycated inactive form (85%). It has a plasma half-life of 22min, a mean clearance rate of 27.4 mL/kg/min, and an apparent volume of distribution of 880 ± 150 mL/kg. Adrenomedullin consists of 52 amino acids, has 1 intramolecular disulfide bond, and shows a slight homology with the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The precursor, called preproadrenomedullin, consists of 185 amino acids and can be cleaved by plasma kallikrein at the Lys-Arg and Arg-Arg sites. By RNA-blot analysis, human adrenomedullin mRNA was found to be expressed in all tissues, and most highly expressed in the placenta, fat cells, lung, pancreatic islets, smooth muscle, and skin.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The version carrying the affinity complex bears a maleimide group that binds serum albumin, which extends its circulation time to several days. The version without it lacks this group and clears within roughly half an hour. The two are chemically related but behave very differently once in the body.
In common usage the name without the affinity complex is often equated with MOD GRF 1-29, a fragment carrying four stabilizing substitutions. Strictly speaking, the term originally referred to the albumin-binding version. The overlap in naming causes frequent ambiguity in both informal and technical writing.
Reversed-phase chromatography separates the peptide from related impurities and yields a purity estimate. Mass spectrometry confirms the molecular mass and detects modifications such as oxidation. Sequence-level checks rely on peptide mapping or amino acid analysis when stronger confirmation is needed.
No. It is a laboratory-made analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone. The natural hormone is a 44-residue peptide, while the analog is built on a shorter 29-residue fragment.