DAC raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
Reviewed 2026-06-21. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
The peptide binds GHRH receptors on somatotroph cells within the anterior pituitary, triggering a signalling cascade that increases growth hormone secretion. Its improved resistance to dipeptidyl peptidase IV degradation distinguishes it from the parent hormone. In the DAC-bearing version, a maleimide group reacts with a cysteine residue on serum albumin, forming a covalent bond that keeps the peptide in circulation far longer. That albumin attachment is the central design feature separating the two research variants.
Pharmacokinetic behaviour differs sharply between the two forms. The DAC-bearing peptide shows an extended circulation time measured in days, whereas the version without the complex is cleared within roughly half an hour. This gap shapes how researchers design dosing schedules in animal models. Whether the prolonged presence of the DAC form produces effects meaningfully different from the short-acting variant remains an open question, since comparative human data are scarce.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone, constructed on the 29-amino-acid fragment designated GRF(1-29). The name began as an internal development code during the 1990s and later spread through research supply catalogs and discussion forums. The molecule does not occur in nature; its sequence is engineered rather than isolated from tissue. Two related compounds are sold under this single label, and they differ by one appended chemical group that strongly influences how long the peptide remains in circulation.
The dividing feature between the two forms is a maleimide-based drug affinity complex, abbreviated DAC. In the DAC-bearing version, a linker attaches the peptide to serum albumin after administration, and that association slows removal from plasma. The version lacking DAC appears in catalogs as MOD GRF(1-29) or tetrasubstituted GRF(1-29). Because informal writing treats both as one item, comparisons drawn from such sources routinely blend measurements taken from two molecules with substantially different behavior.
Four amino acid substitutions separate the modified backbone from the parent GRF(1-29) sequence. These changes reduce recognition by dipeptidyl peptidase IV and related proteases, extending the interval before degradation. Development work in this area sought longer-acting GHRH analogs for endocrine investigation. Published descriptions treat the substitution set as a defining property of the core sequence, while the albumin-binding linker is described separately as an optional addition to that same backbone.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular weight (with DAC) | ~3647 Da | Calculated from the full amino acid sequence |
| Molecular weight (without DAC) | ~3368 Da | Mod GRF(1-29) variant |
| Appearance | White lyophilized powder | Typical form supplied for research |
| Solubility | Soluble in water | Dissolves in aqueous buffers |
| Receptor target | GHRH receptor | Expressed on pituitary somatotroph cells |
=== Stability === Ab initio calculations show that a graphene sheet is thermodynamically unstable if its size is less than about 20 nm and becomes the most stable fullerene (as within graphite) only for molecules larger than 24,000 atoms.
== Personal life == Jennette is married to Yvonne Cahoon Jennette. They have two daughters, Jennifer Jennette, and Caroline Poulton; and three grandchildren, Olivia Meyer-Jennette, Augusta Meyer-Jennette, and Quinn Poulton.
Through this method, researchers can more effectively improve the functional properties of proteins to meet specific biotechnology or medical needs. Although this method has high requirements for information and technology and is relatively difficult to implement, with the development of computing technology and bioinformatics, the application prospects of semi-rational design in protein engineering are becoming more and more broad.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
On 16 January 2023 an Italian court approved the extradition of Silvia Panzeri, daughter of Pier Antonio. In January 2023 Panzeri pleaded guilty to his part of the conspiracy as part of a plea deal with the Belgian authorities. As part of the deal Panzeri will reveal the identities of those he bribed as well as those he conspired with. It is foreseen he will receive a sentence of five years of which four would be suspended. The remaining year would be served in prison or with an electronic bracelet, or a combination of both. This was only the second time that Belgian prosecutors have made a plea deal as they were previously not permissible in law. The German magazine Der Spiegel was given access to over 1,300 documents from the Belgian investigation. According to these documents, Panzeri's group received payment in cash from Qatar, Morocco, Mauritania and possibly Saudi Arabia. The group are described as "shockingly amateurish", because they stored the money they received in bribes in their apartments, made hundreds of unencrypted telephone calls and held a "conspiratorial meeting in a hotel that was full of surveillance cameras". Nevertheless, they operated undetected for years. A spreadsheet found on one computer lists 199 meetings and activities undertaken by a number of named people between April 2018 and December 2022.
== Function == It is important in providing support for pelvic viscera (organs), e.g. the bladder, intestines, the uterus (in females), and in maintenance of continence as part of the urinary and anal sphincters. It facilitates birth by resisting the descent of the presenting part, causing the fetus to rotate forward to navigate through the pelvic girdle. It helps maintain optimal intra-abdominal pressure.
Deaths are rare and occur in less than 10% of all untreated cases (usually in 2–4 days from complications following blood volume deficit and a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy), although some reports show that very severe envenomations have a 52% mortality rate. Most fatalities are associated with bad clinical management and neglect.
=== Thailand === In the Kingdom of Thailand, members of parliament (Thai: สมาชิกรัฐสภา; RTGS: Samachik Ratthasapha) refer to the members of the National Assembly of Thailand, that is, the members of the House of Representatives and the senators. Following the military coup d'état on 19 September 2006, all members of the assembly were suspended from duty until the next election. The assembly was fully reconvened after the general elections under a slightly amended new constitution. Under the 2007 constitution there are 650 members of parliament, consisting of 500 members in the House of Representatives, of which 375 elected from constituencies and the other 125 by party-list, and 150 senators.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The synthetic peptide keeps the receptor-binding region of GHRH but carries substitutions that resist enzymatic cleavage. In the DAC version, an added group also anchors the molecule to albumin, extending its presence in the bloodstream.
The maleimide group forms a covalent link with albumin, an abundant blood protein. This attachment slows clearance, so a single administration persists much longer than the unmodified peptide. The feature is the main reason the two variants are handled differently in study design.
It is not an approved therapeutic product in major regulatory jurisdictions. It appears in research chemical catalogs and scientific literature rather than pharmacy shelves. Clinical development was limited and did not reach approval.
No. It is a laboratory-synthesized analog built on a fragment of the natural hormone. The natural peptide is shorter-lived and lacks the stabilizing substitutions found in the synthetic version.