If you have been reading about lyophilized powder and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Last reviewed on 2026-01-21. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Its structure derives from the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH, a fragment often called GRF(1-29). Four substitutions were introduced to slow enzymatic breakdown and extend activity relative to the natural sequence. The compound was developed by ConjuChem as part of a broader effort to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of peptide hormones. It is studied in laboratory and clinical research settings rather than appearing as a naturally occurring substance.
Two related forms circulate in technical discussion under the same family name. The original version carries a drug affinity complex (DAC) that binds covalently to serum albumin after administration, and this linkage substantially extends circulation time. A second form, frequently written as modified GRF(1-29) or CJC-1295 without DAC, lacks that linker and clears much faster. The naming is a frequent source of confusion because the shorthand CJC-1295 can refer to either form depending on the source. Reports sometimes fail to specify which variant was studied.
The peptide backbone includes a D-alanine at position two, which resists cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and several other substitutions that reduce degradation. Its molecular weight is roughly 3.4 kDa without the linker and about 3.6 kDa with it. The molecule is water soluble and is normally supplied as a lyophilized powder. Precise sequence and mass values depend on which variant is described, so technical documents usually state the exact form being referenced.
Lyophilized material is typically stored at minus twenty degrees Celsius or lower. Keeping the vial dry and protected from light preserves peptide integrity. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can cause aggregation or loss of activity. Once dissolved, solutions are generally kept at two to eight degrees Celsius. Stability data for reconstituted solutions vary, and long-term behavior is not fully established. Working aliquots reduce the number of times a stock container is opened.
Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is the standard tool for purity assessment. The technique separates the target peptide from truncated or modified byproducts. Mass spectrometry confirms molecular weight and supports sequence verification. Electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption are both used. Amino acid analysis provides an independent check on composition. Purity values are commonly reported as area percentage from the chromatogram. Residual trifluoroacetate and water content are also measured in many quality programs.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular weight (no linker) | ~3.37 kDa | Calculated from peptide sequence |
| Molecular weight (with linker) | ~3.65 kDa | Includes albumin-binding moiety |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typically lyophilized |
| Solubility | Soluble in water | Also dissolves in aqueous buffers |
| Common synonyms | Modified GRF(1-29), DAC:GRF | Usage varies by source |
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide belonging to the growth hormone-releasing hormone analog family. It comprises twenty-nine amino acid residues derived from the N-terminal region of natural GHRH. The molecule incorporates several non-natural substitutions that increase resistance to enzymatic degradation. These modifications extend its activity compared with the native hormone fragment. Researchers use it to study pituitary growth hormone secretion in laboratory and clinical settings. This compound is distinct from native GHRH in its stability profile.
Two principal forms appear in the literature and in research supply. One carries a drug affinity complex, a maleimide-based group that forms a covalent bond with circulating albumin. This linkage slows clearance and produces a long-lasting elevation of peptide levels. The other form lacks that group and is often labeled MOD GRF(1-29). It has a much shorter circulation time. Both variants retain the same core receptor-binding sequence. Reported half-lives differ substantially between the two.
Identity and purity are established with reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The chromatographic step separates the target peptide from truncated sequences and deletion products, while the mass measurement confirms the expected molecular weight to within a fraction of a dalton. Because the two common variants differ by the presence of the linker, mass alone can distinguish them in the unconjugated state. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping are used when sequence level confirmation is required.
Lyophilized material is generally stable for extended periods when held at minus twenty degrees Celsius or below and protected from moisture and light. In solution the peptide is more labile; bond hydrolysis, aggregation and oxidation of susceptible residues all proceed faster at ambient temperature. Repeated freeze and thaw cycles should be avoided because they promote clumping and loss of soluble material. The conjugated variant adds a further consideration, since the maleimide group can hydrolyze in aqueous buffer and lose its ability to react with albumin.
CJC-1295 belongs to a class of synthetic peptides modeled on growth hormone releasing hormone, a forty-four amino acid signal produced by the hypothalamus. The compound is built from the first twenty-nine residues of the natural sequence, with four substitutions introduced at positions 2, 8, 15 and 27. These changes were designed to slow enzymatic breakdown while preserving receptor activation. The result is a peptide that is shorter than native GHRH and considerably more resistant to ordinary clearance pathways in circulation.
Two related forms appear under the CJC-1295 name. The simpler analogue, commonly written as modified GRF(1-29), carries the four substitutions but no additional conjugation. The second form attaches a maleimidopropionic acid linker to a lysine residue, a modification frequently called the drug affinity complex. That linker reacts with the free thiol on serum albumin to form a covalent bond. Because albumin has a long residence time in blood, the conjugated peptide stays in circulation far longer than the unconjugated analogue.
=== Cancer === HLA-G has been shown to be associated with tumor escape in cancers, because it causes the immune system to not pay attention to cancer cells. Because it is upregulated in cancer cells, it could serve as a potential target for immunotherapy. Monoclonal antibodies that bind to HLA-G have been used successfully against cancers as part of a strategy to inhibit immune checkpoints. HLA-G has potential utility as a tumor marker due to the large increase in HLA-G in many cancers, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and lung cancer. Increased expression of HLA-G has been associated with the metastatic potential of tumor cells.
== Toxicity == DBNPA exhibits various degrees of toxicity like acute oral toxicity, dermal toxicity and inhalation toxicity while it is stable under normal conditions of use. Contact with strong amines should however be avoided including bases, oxidizing agents and reducing agents. DBNPA is corrosive to mild steel, iron and aluminum. The creation of dust when handling DBNPA should be avoided and precautionary measures against electrostatic discharges should be taken. Avoid heat, open flames and other potential sources of ignition when handling DBNPA. Additionally, DBNPA is corrosive to the eyes. It is moderately toxic by oral or inhalation routes and slightly toxic by the dermal route. DBNPA can kill skin tissue in rabbits when administered at high doses for a prolonged period of time. DBNPA is also a skin sensitizer. In a toxicity study using rats, DBNPA caused breathing difficulty associated with lung or heart disease, as well as weight loss and several deaths at higher doses. When applied to the skin of rats in another study, DBNPA caused changes in body chemistry and dermal irritation at the higher doses. DBNPA is a developmental toxicant in rabbits. It was shown to cause structural alterations (retarded ossification of several fetal skeleton elements) at a maternally non-toxic dose level. DBNPA is not mutagenic. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has received several human incident reports in which eye, throat and respiratory irritation, runny nose and headache resulted from spills or misuse of DBNPA.
==== Saddam Hussein ==== In July 2007, the New Statesman printed selected portions of a 1976 piece by Hitchens which they claimed "took a more admiring view of the Iraqi dictator" than his later strong support for ousting Saddam Hussein. In this Hitchens pointed to Iraq's military strength, oil reserves and young leadership to argue that Iraq was "a force to be reckoned with" and described Saddam Hussein as a leader "who has sprung from being an underground revolutionary gunman to perhaps the first visionary Arab statesman since Nasser." He also argued:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Medical uses == Mepitiostane is used as an antiestrogen and antineoplastic agent in the treatment of breast cancer. It is also used as an AAS in the treatment of anemia of renal failure. A series of case reports have found it to be effective in the treatment of an estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent meningiomas as well.
=== Adenine === Deamination of adenine results in the formation of hypoxanthine. Hypoxanthine, in a manner analogous to the imine tautomer of adenine, selectively base pairs with cytosine instead of thymine. This results in a post-replicative transition mutation, where the original A-T base pair transforms into a G-C base pair.
Biomass is a form of renewable energy useful as fuel and as a source of some chemical products. Relative to coal and petroleum however, the energy content of biomass is low. Compared to traditional fossil fuels, biomass has a high oxygen content. Its carbon is partially combusted, so to speak. One such notable example is the production of bio-ethanol. There is a general classification of biomass that is produced or sourced for conversion processes. Biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel, and bioplastics, are typically derived from primary or “first-generation” source energy-dense plants and oils such as rapeseed, sugarcane, or corn. Their high content of sugars and oils makes them ideal as feedstocks, however, there are drawbacks to their use. As well as inflating the price of the chosen crop due to increased demand, arable land that would otherwise be used to grow food for human and animal consumption is rendered unavailable. Secondary or “second-generation” source biomass encompasses a much wider variety of plant and animal matter. It may be derived from a relatively pure source, such as wood chippings or grass, or it may be a less well defined solid waste stream. This type of biomass is far more challenging to work with, as it contains a more varied mixture of compounds that cannot be easily converted into useful products.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Pakistan === In Pakistan, after completing a MBBS degree and further completing a one year house job, doctors can enroll in two types of postgraduate residency programs. The first is a MS/MD program run by various medical universities throughout the country. It is a 4–5-year program depending upon the specialty. The second is a fellowship program which is called Fellow of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan (FCPS) by the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan (CPSP). It is also a 4–5-year program depending upon the specialty. There are also post-fellowship programs offered by the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan as a second fellowship in subspecialties.
== Cis/trans isomers of the peptide group == Significant delocalisation of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom gives the group a partial double-bond character. The partial double bond renders the amide group planar, occurring in either the cis or trans isomers. In the unfolded state of proteins, the peptide groups are free to isomerize and adopt both isomers; however, in the folded state, only a single isomer is adopted at each position (with rare exceptions). The trans form is preferred overwhelmingly in most peptide bonds (roughly 1000:1 ratio in trans:cis populations). However, X-Pro peptide groups tend to have a roughly 30:1 ratio, presumably because the symmetry between the Cα and Cδ atoms of proline makes the cis and trans isomers nearly equal in energy, as shown in the figure below.
Alcohol consumption is fully legal and available in most countries of the world. Home made alcoholic beverages with low alcohol content like wine, and beer is also legal in most countries, but distilling moonshine outside of a registered distillery remains illegal in most of them. Some majority-Muslim countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Pakistan, Iran, and Libya prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages because they are forbidden by Islam. Also, laws banning alcohol consumption are found in some Indian states as well as some Native American reservations in the U.S. In addition, there are regulations on alcohol sales and use in many countries throughout the world. For instance, the majority of countries have a minimum legal drinking age to purchase or consume alcoholic beverages, although there are often exceptions such as underage consumption of small amounts of alcohol with parental supervision. Also, some countries have bans on public intoxication. Drinking while driving or intoxicated driving is frequently outlawed, and it may be illegal to have an open container of alcohol or liquor bottle in an automobile, bus, or aircraft. The legality of sex under alcohol influence varies by country and the threshold of "too drunk" for sexual consent can be ambiguous.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. It is a synthetic analogue modeled on the first 29 residues of human GHRH. The substitutions and any linker are laboratory modifications rather than features of the endogenous peptide.
Early development used the albumin-binding form, and a shorter variant was later discussed under the same label. Because the two differ in half-life and handling, ambiguity arises whenever a source omits the variant designation.
The compound derives from that fragment but is not identical to it. The parent fragment lacks the stabilizing substitutions, so its degradation rate and duration of action differ noticeably.
The powder is normally held at minus twenty degrees Celsius or below. Light and moisture exposure should be minimized. Repeated warming and cooling cycles are avoided.