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CJC-1295 belongs to a family of synthetic peptides modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. The compound is built from the first twenty-nine amino acids of the natural human sequence, a fragment that retains full receptor binding capacity. Native growth hormone-releasing hormone is degraded quickly in circulation, so the fragment alone has limited practical value. Early work therefore focused on chemical modifications that preserve receptor binding while slowing enzymatic breakdown. The result is a molecule described in the literature as a long-acting analog of the natural hormone.
Two forms circulate under the CJC-1295 name, and they differ by a single appended group. The version without a drug affinity complex carries four substitutions along the peptide chain, including a D-alanine near the amino terminus and replacements at three other positions. These changes block the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV and remove a methionine residue that is prone to oxidation. The modified fragment is frequently labeled MOD GRF 1-29. Naming conventions are inconsistent across informal sources, which is a common source of confusion.
The second form adds a maleimide-bearing linker to the lysine at the carboxyl end. This group reacts with cysteine-34 on circulating serum albumin, forming a covalent bond that keeps the peptide in the bloodstream for far longer. ConjuChem developed the molecule as a way to extend the action of a peptide without frequent administration. The albumin attachment is the defining structural feature of the drug affinity complex version. Whether continuous exposure produces effects distinct from shorter pulses remains an unresolved research question.
The compound emerged from work at a Canadian biotechnology firm in the early 2000s. Early human studies examined its effect on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in healthy volunteers and in people with HIV-associated fat redistribution. Reports described sustained increases in both markers after a single injection. Development did not advance to regulatory approval, and the clinical programme was later discontinued. The molecule is now encountered mainly as a research chemical rather than a marketed medicine.
Two forms circulate in research settings and are frequently confused. One carries the drug affinity complex and is often written as CJC-1295 with DAC; the other lacks that group and is usually called modified GRF(1-29). The two share the same core sequence but differ sharply in how long they persist in blood. Products labelled only as CJC-1295 normally refer to the version carrying the complex. Documentation that omits the distinction leaves the intended molecule ambiguous.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide built as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Its backbone matches the first twenty-nine residues of the natural human hormone, with four amino acid substitutions added to slow enzymatic breakdown. A reactive maleimide group, commonly termed the drug affinity complex, allows the peptide to attach to circulating albumin after administration. That albumin attachment keeps the molecule in the bloodstream for an extended period instead of being cleared within minutes.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C152H252N44O42 | Cited for the form without the drug affinity complex |
| Molecular weight | About 3368 Da | Reported value for modified GRF(1-29) |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Lyophilised solid as usually supplied |
| Solubility | Soluble in water and polar solvents | Clarity depends on purity and salt content |
| Typical storage | -20 C or below, dry | Protect from light and repeated warming cycles |
Binding to GHRH receptors on pituitary somatotroph cells triggers cyclic AMP signaling and stimulates growth hormone synthesis and release. Because the peptide acts upstream of the pituitary, effects are mediated through endogenous growth hormone rather than direct receptor activation in peripheral tissues. Increases in insulin-like growth factor 1 are generally described as a downstream consequence. Most published human exposure data come from small early-stage studies, and the clinical significance of the pharmacokinetic profile remains incompletely characterized.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone, built on the 29-amino-acid GHRH(1-29) fragment. Four substitutions distinguish it from the natural sequence: D-alanine at position 2, glutamine at position 8, alanine at position 15, and leucine at position 27. These changes reduce enzymatic cleavage and extend the peptide's persistence in circulation. The compound is discussed in two forms, one carrying a drug affinity complex and one without it.
Four amino acid substitutions separate the modified backbone from the parent GRF(1-29) sequence. These changes reduce recognition by dipeptidyl peptidase IV and related proteases, extending the interval before degradation. Development work in this area sought longer-acting GHRH analogs for endocrine investigation. Published descriptions treat the substitution set as a defining property of the core sequence, while the albumin-binding linker is described separately as an optional addition to that same backbone.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone, constructed on the 29-amino-acid fragment designated GRF(1-29). The name began as an internal development code during the 1990s and later spread through research supply catalogs and discussion forums. The molecule does not occur in nature; its sequence is engineered rather than isolated from tissue. Two related compounds are sold under this single label, and they differ by one appended chemical group that strongly influences how long the peptide remains in circulation.
Both forms act at the pituitary receptor for growth hormone-releasing hormone and increase growth hormone output, which in turn raises insulin-like growth factor 1. A long-acting analog produces sustained rather than pulsatile stimulation, and the physiological consequences of that pattern are not fully settled. Published human data on the extended form remain limited, and much of what circulates in discussion traces to early company reports rather than independent replication. How sustained exposure affects normal feedback remains an open question.
The distinguishing feature of the DAC form is a maleimide-containing group that reacts with the free thiol of cysteine-34 on human serum albumin. This reaction forms a covalent bond without enzymatic assistance, and it takes place after the peptide enters the bloodstream. Because albumin is abundant and long-lived, the attached peptide is carried through circulation far longer than an unmodified fragment would survive. The chemistry is a deliberate pharmacokinetic strategy rather than a change to receptor activity.
Enzymatic protection is a separate mechanism from plasma protein binding. The four substitutions in the backbone reduce recognition by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, which normally cleaves the natural hormone within minutes. Without the reactive group, this resistance still yields only a short window of activity, generally reported in the range of tens of minutes. With it, reported half-lives in early human work extended to several days. The size of that gap is the main practical distinction between the two materials.
Batch-to-batch consistency depends on solid-phase peptide synthesis and subsequent purification. Coupling efficiency, resin choice, and cleavage conditions all affect the final profile. Counter-ion content and moisture can shift the apparent mass of a batch. Documentation typically includes a certificate of analysis with chromatograms and spectra. Independent verification by a second laboratory is sometimes requested. Whether a given certificate reflects the actual vial contents depends on chain of custody. Analytical methods themselves carry uncertainty that should be stated alongside results.
Lyophilized material is typically stored at minus twenty degrees Celsius or lower. Keeping the vial dry and protected from light preserves peptide integrity. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can cause aggregation or loss of activity. Once dissolved, solutions are generally kept at two to eight degrees Celsius. Stability data for reconstituted solutions vary, and long-term behavior is not fully established. Working aliquots reduce the number of times a stock container is opened.
Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is the standard tool for purity assessment. The technique separates the target peptide from truncated or modified byproducts. Mass spectrometry confirms molecular weight and supports sequence verification. Electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption are both used. Amino acid analysis provides an independent check on composition. Purity values are commonly reported as area percentage from the chromatogram. Residual trifluoroacetate and water content are also measured in many quality programs.
The 4n+3 chain of uranium-235 is commonly called the "actinium series" or "actinium cascade", from the first member known when it was named, actinium-227. This series terminates with lead-207, 7 alpha decays and 4 beta decays from uranium. In the early Solar System, this chain went back to 247Cm. This manifests itself today as variations in 235U/238U ratios, since curium and uranium have noticeably different chemistries and therefore partitioned differently. The total energy released from uranium-235 to lead-207, including the energy lost to neutrinos, is 46.40 MeV; from californium-251, 69.91 MeV.
=== Parathyroid hormone-related protein === Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a multifunctional peptide that plays a crucial role in calcium homeostasis, vascular regulation, and cellular proliferation. While it is traditionally recognized as a secreted factor that binds to surface receptors, PTHrP also functions as an intracrine regulator within cardiac cells. Its intracrine actions influence myocardial growth, vascular remodeling, and responses to stress, making it a key factor in cardiovascular physiology and pathology.
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=== Types === Tenocytes: The mature tendon cells responsible for maintaining tendon structure and function. Tendon Progenitor Cells (TPCs): These cells are involved in tendon repair and regeneration, particularly after injury. Fibroblasts: A more general type of connective tissue cell, fibroblasts in tendons also contribute to the synthesis of ECM components.
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=== Subsequent history === In 2008, SPUSA candidate for President Brian Moore vocally opposed the idea that Barack Obama was a socialist of any kind, saying it was "misleading of the Republicans" to spread that message. In 2009, the Socialist Party of Connecticut protested in Hartford against Obama's troop surge in Afghanistan. In 2010, SPUSA Co-Chair Billy Wharton called Obama's 2010 State of the Union Address a "public relations ploy". Wharton criticized the Affordable Care Act as designed "to protect the profit margins of private insurance companies". In 2012, SPUSA member Pat Noble was elected to the Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education. Noble ran openly as a Socialist, despite the race being nonpartisan.
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With the collapse of eastern bloc in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the Berlin Wall, there was a rapid move towards German reunification; and a final settlement of the post-war special status of Germany. Following democratic elections, East Germany declared its accession to the Federal Republic subject to the terms of the Unification Treaty between the two states; and then both West Germany and East Germany radically amended their respective constitutions in accordance with that Treaty's provisions. East Germany then dissolved itself, and its five post-war states (Länder) were reconstituted, along with the reunited Berlin which ended its special status and formed an additional Land. They formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany. The expanded Federal Republic retained West Germany's political culture and continued its existing memberships in international organisations, as well as its Western foreign policy alignment and affiliation to Western alliances like NATO and the European Union. The official German reunification ceremony on 3 October 1990 was held at the Reichstag building, including Chancellor Helmut Kohl, President Richard von Weizsäcker, former Chancellor Willy Brandt and many others. One day later, the parliament of the united Germany assembled in an act of symbolism in the Reichstag building. However, at that time, the role of Berlin had not yet been decided upon.
==== MeSH D12.776.964.970.600 – nucleocapsid proteins ==== MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.550 – capsid proteins MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850 – viral core proteins MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.350 – gene products, gag MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.350.325 – fusion proteins, gag-pol MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.350.400 – hiv core protein p24 MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.375 – gene products, pol (gene) MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.375.325 – fusion proteins, gag-pol MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.375.335 – hiv integrase MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.375.340 – HIV protease MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.375.750 – RNA-directed DNA polymerase MeSH D12.776.964.970.600.850.375.750.375 – hiv-1 reverse transcriptase
== Veterinary use == Fentanyl is commonly used for analgesia and as a component of balanced sedation and general anesthesia in small animal patients. The short-acting nature, wide safety profile, lower rate of adverse effect compared to other opioids, and high potency make fentanyl one of the most effective and common analgesics in veterinary medicine; the ability to reduce the minimum alveolar concentration leads to fentanyl being commonly used in dogs that are elderly or have cardiovascular issues. Due to its short duration and quick onset, fentanyl is commonly used as a constant rate infusion or as a transdermal patch, with the latter being able to last 3 to 4 days. Fentanyl can provide sedation for dogs. Fentanyl is less common and has more adverse effects in livestock and equine compared to cats and dogs. In horses at analgesic doses tachycardia, restlessness, and excitement occur. Subcutaneous administration often causes pain, but a bicarbonate solution exists which does not cause pain when given subcutaneously. Fentanyl is highly lipophilic, about 1000 times more than morphine. In dogs it has low protein binding of 15.6% and a half-life of 2–6 hours. In cats the half-life is 2.5 hours. Fentanyl has poor oral bio-availability due to it being metabolized by the liver. Transdermal and transmucosal formulations are common for out-patients, although the latter's efficacy is not well supported by evidence.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
. Because of the quadrupolar electrical field used to trap the ions in the axial direction, this relationship is only approximate. The axial electrical trapping results in axial oscillations within the trap with the (angular) frequency
=== Animals === For mice, the dose at which acute toxicity occurs for intravenous administration is 40 mg/kg and for subcutaneous injection (injection in the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis) this is 380 mg/kg. The lethal dose of dimethocaine for a mouse is 0.3 g per kilogram body weight. An abdominal constriction test was performed in mice, using doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg of dimethocaine which were administered subcutaneously. This test showed induced dose-dependent antinociceptive responses, which are processes that block detection of a painful or injurious stimulus by sensory neurons. Impairment of memory processes was found to be a toxic effect in the elevated plus-maze test in mice.
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== K == K-complex A large, slow wave seen in EEG during stage 2 of non-REM sleep. It is involved in memory consolidation and sensory processing during sleep. Kainate receptor A subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor involved in fast excitatory synaptic transmission. Kainate receptors play roles in learning and are implicated in seizure disorders. Kallmann syndrome A genetic condition characterized by delayed or absent puberty and an impaired sense of smell. It results from disrupted migration of olfactory and gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Karyokinesis The process of nuclear division during cell division. In the context of developmental neuroscience, it describes how neural progenitor cells divide in the developing brain. Karyotype A visual profile of an organism’s chromosomes. In neuroscience, used in research or diagnostics for identifying chromosomal abnormalities linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Kelvin–Voigt model A viscoelastic model used in computational neuroscience and biomechanics to describe tissue deformation, including brain tissue mechanics. Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea, which may be linked to neural dysfunction in the trigeminal nerve or autonomic nervous system regulation. Kinesthesia The sense of limb and body movement, closely related to proprioception. It is mediated by mechanoreceptors in muscles and joints and processed in the somatosensory cortex. Kindling A process by which repeated sub-threshold electrical or chemical stimulation of the brain leads to progressively more intense seizures. Used as a model for epilepsy.
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Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic peptide analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Four substitutions in its sequence make it more resistant to enzymatic degradation than the natural hormone. In the version carrying a drug affinity complex, the peptide binds albumin and remains in circulation for days.
No regulatory agency has approved CJC-1295 for clinical use. Human trials were conducted in the 2000s, but the development programme was discontinued before any marketing application succeeded. Material sold today is offered as a research chemical, and its purity depends on the supplier.
Sermorelin is an unmodified fragment of growth hormone-releasing hormone and is cleared quickly. CJC-1295 contains substitutions that resist breakdown, and the form with a drug affinity complex persists much longer. Both act at the same receptor but differ substantially in duration of action.
The two share the same 29-amino-acid backbone. CJC-1295 carries an additional albumin-binding moiety that markedly extends its residence time in circulation, while the form without that moiety clears faster. Literature sometimes applies the name loosely to either variant.