A practical reference on CJC-1295: what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
Reviewed 2026-05-31. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide built as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Its backbone matches the first twenty-nine residues of the natural human hormone, with four amino acid substitutions added to slow enzymatic breakdown. A reactive maleimide group, commonly termed the drug affinity complex, allows the peptide to attach to circulating albumin after administration. That albumin attachment keeps the molecule in the bloodstream for an extended period instead of being cleared within minutes.
The compound emerged from work at a Canadian biotechnology firm in the early 2000s. Early human studies examined its effect on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in healthy volunteers and in people with HIV-associated fat redistribution. Reports described sustained increases in both markers after a single injection. Development did not advance to regulatory approval, and the clinical programme was later discontinued. The molecule is now encountered mainly as a research chemical rather than a marketed medicine.
Two forms circulate in research settings and are frequently confused. One carries the drug affinity complex and is often written as CJC-1295 with DAC; the other lacks that group and is usually called modified GRF(1-29). The two share the same core sequence but differ sharply in how long they persist in blood. Products labelled only as CJC-1295 normally refer to the version carrying the complex. Documentation that omits the distinction leaves the intended molecule ambiguous.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Its structure derives from the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH, a fragment often called GRF(1-29). Four substitutions were introduced to slow enzymatic breakdown and extend activity relative to the natural sequence. The compound was developed by ConjuChem as part of a broader effort to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of peptide hormones. It is studied in laboratory and clinical research settings rather than appearing as a naturally occurring substance.
Two related forms circulate in technical discussion under the same family name. The original version carries a drug affinity complex (DAC) that binds covalently to serum albumin after administration, and this linkage substantially extends circulation time. A second form, frequently written as modified GRF(1-29) or CJC-1295 without DAC, lacks that linker and clears much faster. The naming is a frequent source of confusion because the shorthand CJC-1295 can refer to either form depending on the source. Reports sometimes fail to specify which variant was studied.
The peptide backbone includes a D-alanine at position two, which resists cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and several other substitutions that reduce degradation. Its molecular weight is roughly 3.4 kDa without the linker and about 3.6 kDa with it. The molecule is water soluble and is normally supplied as a lyophilized powder. Precise sequence and mass values depend on which variant is described, so technical documents usually state the exact form being referenced.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C152H252N44O42 | Cited for the form without the drug affinity complex |
| Molecular weight | About 3368 Da | Reported value for modified GRF(1-29) |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Lyophilised solid as usually supplied |
| Solubility | Soluble in water and polar solvents | Clarity depends on purity and salt content |
| Typical storage | -20 C or below, dry | Protect from light and repeated warming cycles |
Lyophilized material is generally stable for extended periods when held at minus twenty degrees Celsius or below and protected from moisture and light. In solution the peptide is more labile; bond hydrolysis, aggregation and oxidation of susceptible residues all proceed faster at ambient temperature. Repeated freeze and thaw cycles should be avoided because they promote clumping and loss of soluble material. The conjugated variant adds a further consideration, since the maleimide group can hydrolyze in aqueous buffer and lose its ability to react with albumin.
Laboratory handling centers on minimizing exposure to water, heat and oxygen before use. Working solutions are typically prepared in sterile water or a mild buffer, and any residual particulate matter is removed by filtration. When the powder dissolves slowly, a small proportion of acetonitrile or dilute acetic acid is sometimes added as a co-solvent. Containers are kept sealed and desiccated between uses. Records of lot number, reconstitution date and storage conditions support later comparison of results across experiments.
The second form adds a maleimide-bearing linker to the lysine at the carboxyl end. This group reacts with cysteine-34 on circulating serum albumin, forming a covalent bond that keeps the peptide in the bloodstream for far longer. ConjuChem developed the molecule as a way to extend the action of a peptide without frequent administration. The albumin attachment is the defining structural feature of the drug affinity complex version. Whether continuous exposure produces effects distinct from shorter pulses remains an unresolved research question.
CJC-1295 belongs to a family of synthetic peptides modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. The compound is built from the first twenty-nine amino acids of the natural human sequence, a fragment that retains full receptor binding capacity. Native growth hormone-releasing hormone is degraded quickly in circulation, so the fragment alone has limited practical value. Early work therefore focused on chemical modifications that preserve receptor binding while slowing enzymatic breakdown. The result is a molecule described in the literature as a long-acting analog of the natural hormone.
== Mechanism and regulation == 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase works via an induced fit mechanism to catalyze the transfer of a hydride from the substrate to NAD+, a required cofactor. In its active conformation, the enzyme's active site has multiple cationic residues that likely stabilize the transition state of the reaction between the negatively charged substrate and NAD+. The positioning is such that the substrate's alpha carbon and the C4 of the nicotinamide ring are brought into a proximity that facilitates the hydride transfer producing NADH and the oxidized substrate.
CO(NH2)2 + HNCO → NH2CONHCONH2 NH2CONHCONH2 + HNCO → NH2CONHCONHCONH2 At higher temperatures it converts to a range of condensation products, including cyanuric acid (CNOH)3, guanidine HNC(NH2)2, and melamine.
== List of separation techniques == Centrifugation and cyclonic separation, separates based on density differences Chelation Chromatography separates dissolved substances by different interaction with (i.e., travel through) a material. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) Droplet countercurrent chromatography (DCC) Paper chromatography Ion chromatography Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) Affinity chromatography Centrifugal partition chromatography Gas chromatography and Inverse gas chromatography Crystallization Decantation Demister (vapor), removes liquid droplets from gas streams Distillation, used for mixtures of liquids with different boiling points Drying, removes liquid from a solid by vaporization or evaporation Electrophoresis, separates organic molecules based on their different interaction with a gel under an electric potential (i.e., different travel) Capillary electrophoresis Electrostatic separation, works on the principle of corona discharge, where two plates are placed close together and high voltage is applied. This high voltage is used to separate the ionized particles.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
In September 2016, when asked if he thought the world had entered a new cold war, Russian Foreign Minister, Sergey Lavrov, argued that current tensions were not comparable to the Cold War. He noted the lack of an ideological divide between the United States and Russia, saying that conflicts were no longer ideologically bipolar. In August 2016, Daniel Larison of The American Conservative magazine wrote that tensions between Russia and the United States would not "constitute a 'new Cold War'" especially between democracy and authoritarianism, which Larison found more limited than and not as significant in the 2010s as that of the Soviet-Union era. Andrew Kuchins, an American political scientist and Kremlinologist speaking in December 2016, believed the term was "unsuited to the present conflict" as it may be more dangerous than the Cold War. In October 2016, John Sawers, a former MI6 chief, said he thought the world was entering an era that was possibly "more dangerous" than the Cold War, as "we do not have that focus on a strategic relationship between Moscow and Washington". Similarly, Igor Zevelev, a fellow at the Wilson Center, said that "it's not a Cold War [but] a much more dangerous and unpredictable situation". CNN opined: "It's not a new Cold War. It's not even a deep chill. It's an outright conflict", due to "competing military operations in Syria, disputes over Eastern European independence and escalating cyber breaches". In January 2017, former US government adviser Molly K.
Logan Roy is a fictional character and one of the main characters of the American HBO satirical dark comedy-drama television series Succession. He is portrayed by Brian Cox and was created by showrunner Jesse Armstrong. Armstrong initially conceived the series as a feature film about the Murdoch family. He later decided to create a new script centered on original characters, with Logan being loosely based on Rupert Murdoch and Sumner Redstone. Logan Roy is the self-made billionaire founder of media and entertainment conglomerate Waystar RoyCo and the patriarch of the Roy family. He is a harsh leader who primarily focuses on his company rather than his four children Connor, Kendall, Roman and Siobhan. He is distrustful of his children and his subordinates, refusing to step down as CEO at the start of the series despite his advanced age as well as health. His conflicts with his family, his employees at Waystar, other businesses, and the United States Department of Justice form the central story-line of the series. The character and Brian Cox's performance has been critically acclaimed, and has been cited as one of the best villains and characters in television. For his performance, Cox won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series and was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series.
== History == EARS-Net is the collaborative effort of 29 countries. The information documented are antibiotic resistance which are determined according to the EUCAST standard. Around 80% of the participants utilize the EUCAST standard for detection of antibiotic resistance. EARS-Net was established in 1998 as EARSS, funded by the European Commission's Directorate General for Health and Consumer Affairs and the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports. However, in January 2010, it was transferred to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) where it was renamed EARS-Net.
DMF is effective at separating and suspending carbon nanotubes, and is recommended by the NIST for use in near infrared spectroscopy of such. DMF can be utilized as a standard in proton NMR spectroscopy allowing for a quantitative determination of an unknown compound. In the synthesis of organometallic compounds, it is used as a source of carbon monoxide ligands. DMF is a common solvent used in electrospinning. DMF is commonly used in the solvothermal synthesis of metal–organic frameworks. DMF-d7 in the presence of a catalytic amount of potassium tert-butoxide under microwave heating is a reagent for deuteration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic peptide analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone. Four substitutions in its sequence make it more resistant to enzymatic degradation than the natural hormone. In the version carrying a drug affinity complex, the peptide binds albumin and remains in circulation for days.
No regulatory agency has approved CJC-1295 for clinical use. Human trials were conducted in the 2000s, but the development programme was discontinued before any marketing application succeeded. Material sold today is offered as a research chemical, and its purity depends on the supplier.
Sermorelin is an unmodified fragment of growth hormone-releasing hormone and is cleared quickly. CJC-1295 contains substitutions that resist breakdown, and the form with a drug affinity complex persists much longer. Both act at the same receptor but differ substantially in duration of action.
No. It is a synthetic analogue modeled on the first 29 residues of human GHRH. The substitutions and any linker are laboratory modifications rather than features of the endogenous peptide.